Current Happenings In Music Piracy In Usa Essay

The regularly proceeding with creation and course of new programming through the Internet has pulled the courts further into a lawful dilemma. Because of this maturing aptitude, legitimate learned people and courts are vivaciously discussing the benefits of demonstrating subject the watchmen who really enjoyed appropriation of items that encourage the infringement of copyrights. As per the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1988, a copyright proprietor can sue infringers for up to $ 1, 50,000 for each offense. It likewise allowed the RIAA and different petitioners to look through the Internet accounts of said copyright infringers through their Internet Service Providers [ISPs] even without the information on concerned people. ISPs have eagerly restricted such interruption, ineffectively and it is to be noticed that the summons have pulled in analysis from congress also. Rebuffing the genuine infringers is going to be laborious errand in computerized copyright law. The inquiry currently emerges with respect to who is the genuine infringer, regardless of whether the Internet clients who really download the copyrighted music or the watchman or Internet Service Providers who encourage such free downloading and encroachment of copyright law. This inquiry has become more noteworthy pertinence as RIAA as of late documented suits against some genuine infringers as opposed to on distributed [p2p] systems which had sent shockwaves through legitimate network. In this lawful tussle, one region court really declined to boycott the arrangement of p2p programming by Grokster, convincing the account business to document suit against genuine clients of p2p programming. Be that as it may, the copyright proprietors are truly engaging the choice made for the product suppliers, searching for to impact the Ninth Circuit to see the product organizations capable and in this way stop the prerequisite to seek after individual infringers. MGM v GROKSTER Supreme Court of USA held in Metro-Goldwyn â€Mayer Studios Inc. V Grokster, Ltd that one who conveys a system with the expectation of urging its utilization to abuse copyrights, as showed by clear articulation or other corroborative advances started to support encroachment, is answerable for the infringement of copyright by the activities of disconnected people. The most publicized legitimate suits appear to loosen traffic at music destinations like Grokster, Kazaa and Morpheus which empowered unlawful record sharing. As per RIAA, at some random period, around 3 to 5. 1 million Internet clients are on the Internet, downloading music through these guardians and encroaching copyright law. It has been evaluated that deals have declined from $ 15 billion to $ 11 billion over the most recent four years itself. However, the Supreme Court activity to recognize new guidelines for an advanced age, the extensive perceptions made by the Justices in Grokster case brought about a bleak standard with for all intents and purposes no application outside the particular realities of that case. Conveying a unified conclusion for the most part on the real factors of the case, the Judges along these lines broke down on the importance of law, held obscured perceptions with no viable way to control the ever-expanding disease of online robbery while simultaneously offering conflicting uses of the prior standard for guardian risk in the Sony case. In this way, the court’s exertion to take care of the copyright encroachment issue runs the risk of intruding the legal branch’s authority by forming a lawmaking system issue better chose by the authority of Congress. Metro-Goldwyn â€Mayer Studios [MGM] recorded a suit in the fall of 2000 against StreamCast Networks and Grokster battling that the respondents wittingly and intentionally dispersed their product to encourage the clients to recreate and circle copyrighted items encroaching the Copyright Act. Further, MGM asserted that product offered by these two organizations acted no major noninfringing goal. The product encouraged the neitzens through he utilization of p2p [peer-to-peer] systems, to associate with different clients and download both the noncopyrighted and copyrighted video and music. In their claim, MGM not just guaranteed harms for the misfortune emerging out of encroachment of copyrighted items which was reveled by neitizens yet in addition preyed for an order to stop the proceeded with dissemination of the product. A large number of the realities offered for the situation were recognized by either party. At the primary case, the neitizens were uninhibitedly moving music records that have copyrights which were unreservedly open because of accessibility of programming. Furthermore, neitizens who were downloading the copyrighted video and music were enjoyed ill-conceived activities in negation of the Copyright Act. Respondent’s contended that, under the standard followed by the Court in Sony case, the item was ‘capable of major nonifnringing use. ’ The Court rather depended its choice on the distributors’ absence of genuine information about specific activities of infringement and the product’s possibility of major authentic utilization. On claim, the choice of the District Court was affirmed by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit which put together its choice with respect to the balance that a litigant was responsible for causative infringement just when they had associate of the encroachment submitted by neitizens and really liable for the encroachment. The Ninth Circuit saw that the product was equipped for major non-encroaching applications and opined that obligation under the Sony standard didn't happen for this situation. Further, the organizations were chosen not to be subject for the demonstrations of their clients because of the decentralized setup of the product. In that capacity, the Ninth Court saw that StramCast and Grokster didn't substantially answerable for the activities of their clients as they assumed no job in the inquiry, recovery, or capacity of encroaching documents. Agreeing the Ninth Court, the main pretended by StreamCast and Grokster was the arrangement of free programming while the encroachment was submitted by the clients. Abused by the choice of the Ninth Court , MGM spoke to Supreme Court consequently introducing a novel legitimate issue to the Court: to choose ‘under what situation , the merchant of an item capable of both legal and unlawful use is liable for the activities of infringement of copyright by random people misusing the product’. The assessment of the court was created by the Justice Souter which depicted that,† one who appropriates an instrument with the expectation of urging its use to abuse copyright, as exhibited by obvious articulation or other positive advances sought after to advance repudiation, is answerable for the important activities of infringement by irrelevant clients. â€Å" The Supreme Court accordingly saw that both the District Court and the Ninth Circuit court had botched the Supreme Court’s decision on Sony’s case. Along these lines, the lower Courts had incorrectly settled that a maker can't be considered contributorily liable for the encroaching misuse of an item. Further, the Court was of the view that an absence of exact consciousness of encroachment and inability to follow up on that absence of nature didn't obstruct the utilization of different hypotheses of auxiliary obligation. Equity Souter saw that under Sony, wholesalers or watchmen may not be considered mindful under the speculation of contributory risk where the neitizens are following up on their own will or wish. Also, Sony didn't dispossess different roads to obligation in circumstances, for example, were introduced by Stream Cast and Grokster. Equity Souter further opined that nothing in Sony case requests courts to ignore confirmation of goal to empower encroachment, if such proof presents. In opposition to the perspectives on the lower courts, Sony was not implied, to avoid standards of issue based risk that radiate under general law. In this manner, Justice Souter depended upon this finding and saw that the Sony rule as respects to outsider responsibility would not relate where proof goes past a product’s highlights or the mindfulness that an item might be put to encroaching applications, and rather exhibits activities or explanations coordinated to energize encroachment. Incomparable Court held that both of the gatherings were not right in their pleadings applying the Sony test to the realities of the current case. Equity Souter held that the proper lawful guideline on which rule isn't the contributory risk of StreamCast and Grokster under Sony, yet rather under precedent-based law standard of ‘inducement’ encroachment. The nearness of proof validating a significant actuation with respect to a guard who will trounce the reluctance of the courts to charge an outsider obligated where the respondent appropriates an item reasonable for some noninfringing, legal application. For this situation, as per Justice Souter, there were three highlights of the proof in the preliminary records uncovered that the respondents incited the encroachment of copyrights and acted with an unlawful expectation which incorporates the accompanying; ? Empowering the illegal utilization of their projects through their showcasing exercises. ? Disappointment with respect to litigants to put forth attempts to control the unlawful utilization of the items ;and ? Inferring significant benefit because of the criminal operations by clients of the projects. As respect to the every one of the above highlights, the Court watched specific characteristics of the merchants particularly vital. Further, for this situation, both the respondent organizations showed an aching to fulfill the interest for unlawful downloading of duplicate corrected items by expressly trying to speak to past clients of Napster. Further, neither of the respondents introduced or attempted to offer any channel in order to cease the encroaching exercises sought after by the clients of their item. As indicated by Court, this obviously exhibited the respondentsâ�

Strategic Analysis Nike Essay Example

Vital Analysis Nike Paper Nike: Strategic Analysis Nike’s Global Business Strategy At the point when originally established in 1962 under the name of Blue Ribbon Sports, the procedure was â€Å"to disseminate minimal effort, top notch Japanese athletic shoes to American buyers trying to break Germany’s control of the household business. † Today Nike offers athletic shoes at each attractive value point to a worldwide market. Nike supports its driving situation through accentuating quality items, steady advancement, and forceful showcasing. Nike sells its items in excess of 180 nations under its namesake image as well as brands, for example, Cole Haan, Converse, Hurley International, and Umbro Inc. It utilizes dissemination channels, for example, organization possessed stores and sites or sports retailers, for example, Foot Locker. As referenced before, Nike is a really worldwide organization, which implies that its example of overcoming adversity is transferrable over fringes. It separates its deals into four primary areas the US, Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA), Asia Pacific, and Central and South America. For 2009 every one of these areas accounted individually for 34. 1%, 28. 7%, 17. 3%, and 6. 7% of absolute income. Division Strategy: Nike understands that so as to be number one they have to offer a wide scope of items to have the option to build up a culture and satisfy their unwavering customers’ needs. Nike’s methodology as far as division is amazing. Their center item is footwear yet they likewise fabricate clothing and gear and in this manner, they spread their impact in other game related markets. Nike likewise has a few sub-brands to get a handle on various customer gatherings. We will compose a custom paper test on Strategic Analysis Nike explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Strategic Analysis Nike explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Strategic Analysis Nike explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Nike’s principle wellspring of income is athletic footwear, which is additionally its center competency. It represents 54% of all out incomes. It is assigned for running, broadly educating, ball, soccer and it incorporates even an easygoing footwear line. Deals in this fragment expanded by 14% in 2009 from which a major part was a consequence of the expansion in deals in the Asia Pacific area. The second most productive fragment for Nike is attire, for example, shirts, shorts, workout pants, and authorized clothing made explicitly for colleges with their own logos. With an expansion of just 0. 2%, attire deals represented 27% of the company’s income in 2009. In any case, deals in this fragment developed by 14% in the past period, somewhere in the range of 2007 and 2008, because of the development of 25% of incomes in developing markets, for example, Russia, and other EMEA nations yet additionally a considerable income development of half in China. In contrast to footwear, which principle showcase is the US, most of attire deals originate from the EMEA district representing 38% of all out clothing income. Gear, for example, balls, golf clubs and so forth ccounts for 6% of absolute incomes in 2009 and 13% originate from different brands under Nike, for example, Cole Haan, Converse, Umbro and so forth. these diverse sub-brands supplement Nike product offerings. For example, Umbro represents considerable authority in selling soccer clothing and footwear. Nike Golf targets golfers and offers particular golf hardware, clothing and footwear. Co le Haan then again offers premium dress and easygoing footwear. Hurley International offers items appropriate for snowboarding, skating, and surfing. Advertising Strategy: Huge job for the opposition of piece of the overall industry in the footwear business plays advertising so as to reinforce the brand picture, create item character and extend client faithfulness. Rivalry between players is non-cost but instead dependent on separation in brand picture and item advancements. In this manner, significant interests in promoting efforts are required. Nike contributes yearly somewhere in the range of 11% and 13% of income in showcasing. Publicizing technique: Nike’s system was to make prevailing nearness in media. Nike made media nearness in a few pattern setting United States urban communities. Television advertisements connecting Nike to a city were utilized, yet genuine drivers were enormous larger than average announcements and wall paintings on structures that covered urban communities with messages including key Nike-supported competitors, not items. The organization concentrates its showcasing on big name underwriting, I. e. competitors in b-ball, golf, soccer, and tennis. Of late, Nike has likewise started to support enormous games in order to make tremendous mindfulness and brand following. In 2008, Nike spent critical sum on publicizing in the Beijing 2008 Olympics and the Football Championship. After the ongoing Tiger Woods outrage Nike anticipates returning to it superstar support procedure. It tends to be noticed that the ‘swoosh logo’ is one of the most celebrated on the planet because of these tremendous publicizing endeavors. Marking Strategy: Nike’s system in this front is to build up a superior brand related with top notch item that fulfills client needs. Nike’s brand is related with a forceful disposition depicted by, â€Å"you don’t win silver, you lose gold,† which plainly recommends that triumphant is imperative. The Nike client related the Nike brand with being the ‘American’ way: Being individual and forceful like Michael Jordan and John McEnroe. Nike assembled its image around sports, demeanor and way of life. Nike sponsored this system with advertising efforts like â€Å"Just do it† and with the organizations front competitors like Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods. Selling Strategy: Nike’s methodology in mid 2000s was to create, banner boat stores, NikeTown shops in greater urban communities, first national, and afterward abroad. Nike was the primary organization to build up leader stores and it ended up being a sensation. There are free little retail locations that sell Nike items all around the globe also. Additionally, on observing the capability of the low value showcase, Nike took endeavors in 2005 to tap in to the low value fragment by hitting an arrangement with huge retail markdown stores like Walmart and turned out starter shoes at a less expensive cost, rivaling private name brands. Be that as it may, to dodge brand weakening, Nike didn't utilize the swoosh logo in these shoes. As of now, Nike has a top notch site and uses it as a web based selling channel. NikeId , a piece of the site permits a client to tweak his own shoes and get it. The site is accessible in 14 dialects and is diverse as indicated by the nation necessities. Assembling Strategy: Nike makes the entirety of its footwear from outside United States. Nike has contract providers in China, Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand. These nations represented 36%, 36%, 22% and 6% of absolute NIKE brand footwear individually. Nike additionally has producing concurrences with autonomous plants in Argentina, Brazil, India, and Mexico to fabricate footwear available to be purchased basically inside these nations. Essential purpose behind this is it is less expensive to fabricate in South East Asia and transport it to USA and Europe, paying little heed to the transportation and levy costs included. Hierarchical Strategy: With more than 21,000 representatives around the world, the organization was sorted out into offices by both geographic divisions and item classifications, which made covering the executives obligations and a liquid authority structure. For instance, a footwear supervisor in Europe offered an explanation to both the Vice President of Footwear and the Vice President of Europe. In any case, there was no proper correspondence interface between the provincial VPs (those in the United States, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America) and the item VPs (footwear, clothing, hardware). HR Management Strategy: The perspiration shop catastrophe in late 1990s has driven Nike to shape a particular procedure to give a decent workplace to representatives. They have a few interior rules and consistence guidelines separated from state laws for guaranteeing appropriate working conditions for all specialists in its contracted provider industrial facilities. Because of the extent of Nike and their number of stores and assembling plants all through the world, Nike has set aside the effort to perceive the significance of every person and what they can add to the group. Thus, Nike doesn't call its representatives, ‘employees’ yet rather ‘team members’ on the grounds that each piece of the group has something to add to the business. They have likewise conceded that they have an extremely huge cluster of laborers and this brings numerous assorted societies and purposes of perspectives together. As indicated by one of its announcement, assorted variety and incorporation is an essential factor in Nike’s discretion in their numerous areas and all inclusive. In recognizing the distinctions they have separate the chances to more readily see how their groups will cooperate and what difficulty they may confront along these lines. So as to endeavor to arrive at this crucial have placed energetically these techniques: * Cultivate assorted variety and consideration to create world-class, high-performing groups * Ignite change and rouse basic discussions around decent variety, incorporation and advancement * Create scenes and situations for open exchange, differing assessments and a large number of viewpoints All of the above will in future endeavor apply and help them in working all the more productively and having progressively fulfilled representatives for longer timeframes. Innovation and Innovation system: Nike handle the absolute top tier innovative practices and has a couple of licenses shockingly. Nike accentuates on these and has built up a great deal of new items with utilization of high innovation and advancement. A case of that is the microchip shoe to give extraordinary experience and solace to the cust

Love Your Home Away From Home

Love Your Home Away From Home Hi everyone! I hope youve had a fantastic week! Yesterday, I was giving a tour of the hallway where I live, and I was just so excited to be able to share it with those who were touring the hall. I always enjoy giving tours of the community that I get to call my home away from home, but yesterday, it hit me just how pleasing it is to show it off to others. This led me to reflect on several important things, some of which probably deserve their own blog post. Anyway, here they are: Illinois  has so many wonderful living spaces, including Nugent Hall and the Beckwith program (which I will write a detailed post on, eventually)! I know that students who are deciding where to go to school or where to live get lots of advice on how to choose something thats a good fit for them. So, heres mine: In terms of choosing housing at school (and a school for that matter), find somewhere that you would get excited to show to people that happen to be touring whatever building you live in that day. It really is gratifying to be able to share the Illinois  community with so many people. I feel so fortunate to be able to live in the awesome community that I do, and hope that others can feel equally about their home away from home, wherever it may be. Relatedly, if you take a tour of Illinois, be sure to take the opportunity to explore some housing options, and really get to see where you might be living. The building that you tour may be the building that you call home for awhile, so its important that you feel at home there. Thats all for today! I hope everyones semester is going super well right now! Happy almost-Valentines day! Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Borderline Personality Disorder A Literature Review Essay

The history of BPD can be traced back to 1938 when Adolph Stern first described the symptoms of the disorder as neither being psychotic nor psychoneurotic; hence, the term ‘borderline’ was introduced (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2009, p. 15). Then in 1960, Otto Kernberg coined the term ‘borderline personality organization’ to describe persistent patterns of behavior and functioning consisting of instability, and distressed psychological self-organization (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2009, p. 15). Research on BPD was first published by Roy Grinker and his colleges in 1968, which was then followed by a major article on the disorder; written by John Gunderson and Margaret Singer in 1975; their†¦show more content†¦(Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in Criterion 5.) 2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation. 3. Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self. 4. Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating). (Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in Criterion 5.) 5. Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior. 6. Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days). 7. Chronic feelings of emptiness. 8. Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights). 9. Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms. (Borderline Personality Disorder section, para.1) People with BPD also experience different co-occurring disorders depending on their genders. 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Shown to be entirely based on individual perception, sanity or insanity attempt to form a reflection of the ch aracters’ personalities. In society, as shown in the novels, people are often too quick to write off nonconformist as crazy or insane. Girl, Interrupted and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest both illustrate how society’s stern view cause them to treat mental illness unethically and take away from individualism

Essay on World War I United States Involvement - 1233 Words

He Kept us Out of War (World War I Quotes). This quote was a democratic slogan stated during the election of 1916 on behalf of President Woodrow Wilson. This slogan makes an attempt to refer to the good leadership qualities and decisions that President Wilson made to keep the United States of America out of the war and that is why he should be elected again to serve as President. Though this made a valid argument to show that Wilson was smart to keep us out of war, many events took place that continued to anger the U.S. which eventually made them declare war on Germany on April 6th, 1917 (World War I). In doing this, they broke their policy of non intervention. The United States held out of the Great War for so long because of†¦show more content†¦Also, if the United States was to enter the war, national production would switch from civilian products to war materials (Economic). In the years leading up to the war, America was already in a state of recession and they d id not want to spend millions of dollars on this conflict. The following quote states how much the war affected the economy of the United States. The total cost of World War I to the United States (was) approximately $32 billion, or 52 percent of gross national product at the time (Economic). If you were the president of the United States, would you want to put out $32 billion dollars when your country is in recession as it is? Second, another reason the United States stayed out of the war for so long was because of their policy of neutrality. On August 19, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson addressed the congress and informed them of the U.S. policy of neutrality (First). In doing this, President Wilson was saying that the United States would stay neutral during the war and not intervene. 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The consequences associated, in regards to the United States escalation of involvement in economic, social, political and military relations in both South and North Vietnam, were substantial in the sense that the United States would ultimately shape a volatile politicalRead MoreHispaniola Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesNevertheless, the United States intervened in other Latin American countries, including the Dominican Republic and Haiti, to prevent social uprisings which threatened to de-stabilize the island of Hispaniola. In 1913 a threat of a revolution in the Dominican Republic brought an American squadron to the coast. Tensions began to subsi de until May of 1916, when the next revolution occurred. The U.S. navy landed sailors, while the commanding Admiral threatened to bombard the capital, Santo Domingo, unless

What is terrorism Free Essays

There is really no specified and on point definition because It could mean deferent things to different people and different countries. Because of that being, terrorism could be absolutely anything. Every good thing for one person has a bad side for another person and what is considered doing the right thing to one country, how It affects another country could be taken as terrorism. We will write a custom essay sample on What is terrorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now All In all terrorism Is all about perspective. The famous quote, â€Å"One mans terrorist Is another mans freedom fighter. † (http://BBC. Co. UK) 9/1 1 and the ASK are two examples of terrorism In the history of the united States. 9/1 1 was one of the most tragic events In the history of the united States and possibly the largest form of terrorism we have ever experienced. For most people when they hear the word terrorism they Instantly think of 911 1 when the twin towers of the world trade center were destroyed by planes flew by Iranians who organized and high jacked the planes. The ASK, or the Cruel Klutz Klan, was a group of white men who were organized against black people across the country. Terrorism has been about since 1789 and it has always been about the same thing. The purpose is to get attention to gain power, economic wealth, or political wealth. This could be an act of pretty much anything at all but most people usually use the highest form of danger or chaos. In my opinion, terrorism is when someone threatens or endangers someone or their life in order to gain power, ranking, or wealth. How to cite What is terrorism, Papers

Mars Essays - Exploration Of Mars, Manned Missions To Mars

Mars In 1962, the United States President, John F. Kennedy, spoke at Rice University in Houston, Texas. Kennedy promised to put an American on the moon by the end of the 1960's. (The History) On June 16, 1969 Kennedy's dream promise was kept. The United States placed two men on the surface of the moon. (Apollo 11) By the year 2001, a few months short of 32 years later, no other body has had humans as guests. Why not? The vast wealth of knowledge which could be gained by a manned exploration of Mars is probably one of the better reasons to go. By further exploration of Mars the field of Comparative Planetology could be expanded. One of the procedures which could be performed my explorers sent to Mars is drilling samples out of the Martian ice caps. This process is done on Earth in order to get a climatic history. This information would be extremely useful when looking at Mars. We would finally know why the water which once rushed over Mars and created the great cannels of Mars have become frozen. Other important information which could be found on Mars deals with the vulcanism. We could more easily study to see when and why vulcanism ceased on Mars. (Collins 84) Opponents argue that this would just be all too costly. They claim that the money could not be found for such a venture.(Easterbrook 91) Well In answer to the money problem one comes to a totally new point, the economy. This spending of money would not break the United States government, it would stimulate the United States Industrial fields. The money spent on a Mars mission would not merely be spent in space, it would be spent in the United States. All of the money spent here would also push the United States industries to make better products. The companies would be pushed to create such dependable products in fields such as aerospace and avionics. Of course we would see the same effects seen after NASA's crowing achievement, putting humans on the moon, after putting humans on Mars. These effects are the expansion of the technologies used to reach into different fields. Such as medicine, many of the advances in medicine since 1973 can be attributed to the space program. Mainly through the work done in computers, electronics, thermal control, computational fluid dynamics and etc... Robots have been the explorers of Mars. We have now seen that robots have become ineffective. Such as the case with the Mars polar lander. A software problem caused breaking systems to shut down early. (Mars Failures) By putting a human at the controls such a software problem could be overridden. The use of such robotic probes are used to learn as much as possible without actually sending humans. This should be the main focus of the probes being sent. (National Space Society 61) We have learned from that mistake also. Bibliography ?Apollo 11.? Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000. Microsoft Software. Collins, Michael. ?The US Should Explore Mars? Space Exploration: Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, Leone, and Cozic, Eds. San Diego: Greenhaven Press 1992. Easterbrook, Gregg ?The US Should Not Explore Mars? Space Exploration: Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, Leone, and Cozic, Eds. San Diego: Greenhaven Press 1992. ?Mars Failures ?Down to Cash'.? BBC News [online] Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_693000/693 033.stm March 29, 2000 National Space Society ?The US Must Pursue Manned Space Exploration? Space Exploration: Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, Leone, and Cozic, Eds. San Diego: Greenhaven Press 1992. Roland, Alex ?The US Must Not Pursue Manned Space Exploration? Space Exploration: Opposing Viewpoints. Bender, Leone, and Cozic, Eds. San Diego: Greenhaven Press 1992. ?The History Place- Great Speeches Collection.? History Place [online] Available: http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/jfk- space.htm December 12, 2000.

Sexual Harassment Laws Essays

Sexual Harassment Laws Essays Sexual Harassment Laws Essay Sexual Harassment Laws Essay Brittany was dealing with a hostile work environment, relating to inappropriate behavior made by a co-worker. She personally saw him gazing at a photo of herself in a bathing suit and making offensive comments about the way she looks. She asked him if he could stop with the comments because it made her feel uncomfortable. She later found that he scanned the photo of her to his computer. We she confronting him again, Robert went to her supervisor complaining and stating were not performing according her job responsibilities. When Brittany went to her supervisor regarding the issues, she experienced quid pro quo from her supervisor.She was informed that would be going on a business trip with him, which she never had to do before. And let him know she prefer that she does not have to travel, but was it was work related and they would be sharing a room. Then he told her that if she would show him her breast while traveling, she would get promoted. With both of these instances that happened at work Brittany has a strong case for sexual harassment and quid pro quo in the workplace. I feel that both the supervisor an co-worker should be immediately terminated. This needs to be shown as an example that sexual harassment of any kind is not tolerated.The organization should also be held responsible for the simple fact that one of their supervisors who should have been responsible for enforcing this type of thing with her direct employees was a responsible acting party. I feel that Brittany should stay employed with the company, but yet by her choice move to a different floor or position of her choice and be financially compensated. The legal factors for the potential claim of the employee pursuing legal action against the employee, is that Brittany often witnessed Robert staring at her photo and the fact he scanned it on his computer.Robert may not have caused a physical hostile environment, but he still made it a very uncomfortable environment. And after confront Robert regarding his actions he went to her supervisor to complain she was not doing her job to par. Brittany was so stressed with the situation she even called out of work sometimes. The environment was violation the Sexual Harassment Laws. The EEOC states that sexual harassment is any unwelcomed sexual advances, request for sexual favors and any other verbal or physical conduct that can be viewed of a sexual nature.In regards to quid pro quo, it is an offense that occurs pertaining to t he conditions of employment or institutes the foundation for employment decisions affecting the employee (EEOC. gov) In these case her Supervisor was in quid pro quo rules violation and then when Brittany turned him down she was demoted to the mailroom with lower pay. The court concludes that a hostile environment can be determined by the circumstances. Which could be the number of times Brittany experienced the harassment, and the extent of the harassment that is taking place and if an employees work performance declines because of these circumstances.If I was asked to make preliminary suggestions regarding sexual harassment protocol that would avoid potential liability, the first thing I would do is implement a strict zero tolerance sexual harassment policy. The policy and its violations would be included in the employee handbook and stated at new employee orientation. I would have every employee sign an acknowledge form to the policies and keep it in their employee files. The sec ond thing I would do is have mandatory yearly training classes.When I say yearly, It could vary for every employee, the year would be the start of each individual start date, where we would have training sessions and thoroughly walk through scenarios such each employee has an understanding of the law itself and the company policies regarding sexual harassment. Then I would definitely make it mandatory within the company that we have open door policies and never feel uncomfortable to talk and present concerns that are occurring in the workplace, whether it is something directly or indirectly affecting you. papercamp. com/essay/77399/Hrm-593-Week-3-Assignment

Alchemy in the Middle Ages

Alchemy in the Middle Ages Alchemy in the Middle Ages was a mixture of science, philosophy, and mysticism. Far from operating within the modern definition of a scientific discipline, medieval alchemists approached their craft with a holistic attitude; they believed that purity of mind, body, and spirit was necessary to pursue the alchemical quest successfully. At the heart of medieval alchemy was the idea that all matter was composed of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water. With the right combination of elements, it was theorized, any substance on earth might be formed. This included precious metals as well as elixirs to cure disease and prolong life. Alchemists believed that the transmutation of one substance into another was possible; thus we have the clichà © of medieval alchemists seeking to turn lead into gold. Medieval alchemy was just as much art as science, and practitioners preserved their secrets with an obfuscating system of symbols and mysterious names for the materials they studied. Origins and History of Alchemy Alchemy originated in ancient times, evolving independently in China, India, and Greece. In all these areas the practice ultimately degenerated into superstition, but it migrated to Egypt and survived as a scholarly discipline. In medieval Europe, it was revived when 12th-century scholars translated Arabic works into Latin. The rediscovered writings of Aristotle also played a role. By the end of the 13th century, it was discussed seriously by leading philosophers, scientists, and theologians. The Goals of Medieval Alchemists To discover the relationship of man to the cosmos and take advantage of that relationship to the betterment of mankind.To find the philosophers stone, an elusive substance that was believed to make possible the creation of an elixir of immortality and the transmutation of common substances into gold.In the later Middle Ages, to use alchemy as a tool in the advancement of medicine (as Paracelsus did). Achievements  of Alchemists in the Middle Ages Medieval alchemists produced hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, potash, and sodium carbonate.They were able to identify the elements arsenic, antimony, and bismuth.Through their experiments, medieval alchemists invented and developed laboratory devices and procedures that are, in modified form, still used today.The practice of alchemy laid the foundation for the development of chemistry as a scientific discipline. Disreputable Associations of Alchemy Due to its pre-Christian origins and the secrecy in which its practitioners carried out their studies, alchemy was viewed by the Catholic Church with suspicion and ultimately condemned.Alchemy was never taught in Universities but was instead transmitted from teacher to apprentice or student clandestinely.Alchemy attracted followers of the occult, with which it is still associated today.There was no shortage of charlatans who used the trappings of alchemy to defraud. Notable Medieval Alchemists Thomas Aquinas was an eminent theologian who was permitted to study alchemy before it was condemned by the Church.Roger Bacon was the first European to describe the process for making gunpowder.Paracelsus used his understanding of chemical processes to advance the science of medicine. Sources and Suggested Reading   Alchemy: Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul  by Titus Burckhardt; translated by William Stoddart Alchemy: The Secret Art  by Stanislas Klossowski De Rola Alchemy: the medieval alchemists and their royal art  by Johannes Fabricius The Philosophers Stone: A Quest for the Secrets of Alchemy  by Peter Marshall

Introductory Computer Usage 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introductory Computer Usage 1 - Essay Example The other fact of the matter is that people are rarely aware of the technological advancements and their security concerns. Although IEEE has launched WPA and then WPA2 as the new security protocols, people seldom use them. WPA2 has proved hardest to be cracked, still old algorithms are preferred over it. The table shows the percentage of the people (taken from survey by Deloitte, India) who use secure and insecure wireless medium. Besides, if the new technology gets implemented, it slows down system performance. Internet is full of ways to teach anyone sniffing techniques and the new tools of Microsoft and Linux which are available on internet without any charge facilitates it. Many of such problems occur due to inappropriate usage of wireless users. Hence, it has become the need of the hour to reduce more than fifty percent of security risks by properly following the instructions associated with it. Must have heard about the many of u have a blue tooth or shall I say Bluetooth. I am sure many of my readers have this facility. Your mobile phones, PCs, in academic institutes and in the offices, Bluetooth comes in very handy. But what it actually is? It is freedom form cables. Now, we can carry our data anywhere without any botheration. Bluetooth wireless technology has fast become one most popular technology. It shows interconnection between computers, mobile phones and PDAs. The Bluetooth standard specifies wireless operation in the 2.45 GHz band and supports data rate up to 720Kbps. The designing is done for low power consumption at a short range with different power classes for multiple ranges (1m, 10m and 100m). Now, the devices which weren’t possible to connect via a wire can be synchronized using Bluetooth, for example attaching a mobile phone to a car stereo. Data exchange this way is fast and convenient. There are three modes of security in Bluetooth; security mode1, security mode2 and security mode3. Bluetooth enabled mobile devices

Business Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Laws - Essay Example Single-firm conduct is a practice that undermines several United States’ laws, for example, Section 2 of the Sherman Act. The behaviour is evident in companies that are successful to the extent that they do not observe common competitive pressures. A normal market, such as the American market, supports a competitive market with competing firms. Most of the laws to regulate this malpractice are effective, but to some extent. The Sherman Act makes monopolization or attempts to monopolize trade activities illegal (Katz, 2006). The law may be ineffective because of its ambiguity, especially in the definition of monopolization. For instance, it provides room for aggressive marketing procedures, unless a company tries to achieve monopoly through â€Å"unreasonable† measures. A legitimate business justification is not an â€Å"unreasonable† method, according to a court of law. For instance, a business may have effective strategies that ensure they meet their target mark et without the use of any unlawful methods that may be injurious to competitors or customers. An example is the Microsoft Company, which fashioned a monopoly over operating systems software for personal computers that are IBM-compatible. Through this, the company managed to dissuade other computer makers and software developers from installing non-Microsoft browser software in its products. Through the law, competing firms were able to make Microsoft end their conduct that prevented rivals from gaining a market share. Fraudulent advertising is a negative practice that undermines fair, balanced, and competitive business practices. Listerine, a largely commercial product in the early 1900s, has faced several bans and fines owing to its false advertisements. As a mouthwash product, its advertisements claimed to cure colds, a fact that was clinically incorrect. This business practice affects several stakeholders, especially consumers

Peter Druckers Contribution To Management Management Essay

Peter Druckers Contribution To Management Management Essay Peter Drucker is the finest modern management thinker in terms of his groundbreaking ideas on management and business disciplines. This paper will discuss his major contributions to management theory and practice and critically appraise his ideas about marketing, performance management, knowledge economy, managing change and post industrialisation. One of the contributions of Peter Drucker is the theory called Management by Objectives.MBO or Management by Objective emphasize the importance of identifying specific goals for each employee. Afterwards, the organization will then compare and direct their performance against established goals. MBOs main intention is to improve organizational performance through aligning goals and subordinate objective across the organization. Employee often improves their input through identification of goals and setting reasonable time lines. Management by Objectives includes continuous monitoring and feedbacks during the process of reaching goals (Value Based Management 2010). Peter Drucker first created the concept of MBO in 1954 in his book The Practice of Management. As suggested by Drucker, managers must prevent activity trap or being engaged in their daily activities that they often ignore their primary purpose. To improve the effectiveness of a business strategic plan, MBO theories suggested that all managers (not some or few) must engage in the strategic planning process. Another aspect of MBO states that managers must establish various performance systems created to support the firm to remain on the right track. MBO Principles includes cascading objectives and goals of the organization, providing specific goals for every member, encourage participative decision making, established reasonable time line and evaluate performance and give feedbacks (Value Based Management 2010). MBO also introduced the SMART approach for assessing the validity of Objectives that must be SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Related (Value Based Management 2010). Specific means setting expected results that are more specific; for instance, rather than stating better customer satisfaction, the goal should increase customer satisfaction score by 12 points employing the customer service survey. Objectives should also be measurable. This may mean that the organization should include their objectives in the review process. They should create measure to determine clearly whether a member has satisfied its objectives or not; for example, please rate the cleanliness of the store ranging from excellent, good, fair and poor (Bogue 2005). Achievable is the next crucial factor in establishing goals. For example, achieving 10 to 20 percent improve customer service is considered achievable while the goals of improving customer service by around 100 to 200 percent is considered unachievable. Being realistic signifies considering uncontrollable circumstances. Realistic objectives should be challenging but not too challenging that the chances of achieving such goal is minimal. Time-based signifies that the organization should set specific time period when the objective should be reached. In other words, objectives should not involve, should increase customer satisfaction by 20 percents but rather it must be should increase customer satisfaction by 20 percent within the next 14 months (Bogue 2005). Peter Drucker also served as the leading authority of entrepreneurship and innovation. According to Drucker (cited in Iowa State University 2010), Innovation consists of finding a new and more effective way of performing tasks. He believes that the organization has seven sources or places to search for innovative opportunities that must be recognized by those people who are interested in venturing entrepreneurship. The first one is the unexpected. Signs of unique opportunity could be unexpected incident, unexpected failure or unexpected success. Any discrepancy regarding reality and what reality should be can also serve as an opportunity to innovate. Innovation can also arise from the process need. If a specific process has a weak link, but individuals involved are used to it rather than solving the issue, this presents an opportunity (Iowa State University 2010). Opportunity for innovation might also emerge in changes in market structure and the industry as well as in the changes in population size, age structure, and employment, level of education and income of a society. Improvements in both scientific and non-scientific information can generate new products and new markets. Furthermore, apart from opportunities, Drucker also presented five principles of innovation so that interested people would be able to exploit what they have realized. The first one is they should start evaluation of the existing opportunity (Iowa State University 2010). Next, they should assess if the target market would be interested with the said innovation. An innovation will also become more effective if it is simple and clearly emphasizes a specific need. Successful innovation often starts small. Entrepreneurs could target a small market niche and as the market grows, the organization would have the time to improve its processes to accommodate the demands of the expanding market. They should also focus on market leadership. Otherwise, the idea would not be innovative enough to become successful (Iowa State University 2010). Drucker also stated that marketing and innovation serve as the two basic functions since the main purpose of entrepreneurship is to create a customer. The remaining functions are considered as costs. If marketers perform their job correctly, which signifies effectively focusing on customer and innovate, and then other business elements will fall into place. He also argued that the main focus of marketing should be ways to sell superfluously-meaning understand the customers that the service and product will become appealing. Therefore, marketing should make customers ready to purchase a specific service or product (Gonzalez n.d.). Subject matters related to management and leadership also serves as another important contribution from Peter Drucker. In fact, he created his own definition of leadership. For Drucker, leadership and management only have few differences in terms of definition. He believes that leadership is not purely about specific characteristics since no leaders will show exactly similar characteristics. Leadership is not also about having a charisma and king-like features (will be discussed later). Leadership is about how people perform their responsibility being a leader-similar to management (Business Listening 2005). One of the foundations of effective leadership is considering the organizations mission and identifying it. Organization should clearly establish that mission. It would be the responsibility of the leaders to establish those goals and priorities with clarity. Similarly, it would be up to the leader to describe and sustain those standards. Another foundation for effective leadership is the leadership responsibility. Successful leaders do not blame others since they are aware that they will take responsibility of any actions made by his/her subordinate. Effective leaders are also not anxious of independent thinking subordinates and they often persuade their team to become more effective members. The leaders responsibility is to share their visions among the group and create a working atmosphere where team members may flourish (Winston-Churchill Leadership 2007). Effective leadership also requires trust; otherwise, leaders will not gain effective followers. Trust can be earned but not through being loved. It does not also signify that subordinates and leaders should have the same opinion. Rather, anything what the leaders say should also reflect on their actions-integrity. If leaders have integrity, then they can be trusted (Winston-Churchill Leadership 2007). Drucker also discussed the dangers of charisma. Examples of those charismatic leaders who are not effective leaders include Mao, Stalin, Mussolini and Hitler. In other words, people should not choose leaders on the basis of charisma. Harry Truman does not have any charisma but everyone became loyal to him since he is an effective and trusted leader. If Truman said yes, he truly means yes. He does not say no to other one, and then yes to the other person concerning the same issue. Another effective leadership without an ounce of charisma is Ronald Reagan since he is very aware what he is capable of and not capable of (Karlgaard 2004). Furthermore, he created a five-part effectiveness model regarding management based on listening skills specifically steps one, two and five. The first step suggests that selecting ways to spend and not to spend time necessitates insistent delegation to avoid spending time on nonessential matters. Even though Drucker did not state it directly, it is clearly the Druckers concept of delegation is about coaching management style, wherein it involves timely listening with their subordinate regarding planning and progress. Direct control management style would discourage effective delegation of duties (Business Listening 2005). The next step is the executive should ask their subordinates what they contribute for the company today and for the future. As Drucker suggested, regardless whether subordinates view is similar is similar to the managers perspectives or not, emphasizing and realizing the value of everybodys roles being a contributor is necessary to the companys overall effectiveness. This is similar to the principles covered by Covey and Goleman regarding self-awareness, listening to one-self and having awareness towards others (e.g. listening to subordinates) (Business Listening 2005). In the fifth step, Drucker focused on the significance of actively searching for competing opinions and requesting regarding the basis for those opinions before selecting courses of action instead of acting based on pre-arranged or implicit consensus. This will need persistent listening with real curiosity to promote development of various opinions and assisting rationales, instead of simply establishing proposal and building consensus around them (Business Listening 2005). Drucker encourages coaching management style since he believes that the next society will become a knowledge economy. Knowledge will serve as an important resource and knowledge workers will become dominant workforce. The three characteristics of knowledge includes borderlessness, upwards mobility and its potential for success and failure. Knowledge is borderless since it can be transferred to another effortlessly. Upward mobility signifies knowledge is readily available through formal education. However, having that knowledge does not signify success since it can also become a failure depending on how people execute that knowledge. Drucker also noted that knowledge economy will heavily rely on knowledge workers (Drucker 2001). Therefore, it would be prudent for leaders to create an atmosphere would help reached knowledge workers to reach their own potential (Business Listening 2005). Critical Appraisal Druckers Ideas However, the question remains whether the principles presented by Drucker are still applicable to the modern management. The most plausible answer is that in general they are still applicable to the modern management. However, all principles whether they are created by Drucker or by other scholars have their own limitations and strengths as well as. One good example is the Management by Objectives. While Management by Objectives presented a foundation for organizations how to achieve goals, it might not be always applicable to all organizations. For instance, MBO is appropriate for knowledge-based enterprises that consist of competent staff. This is also suitable in situations that require tapping the creativity of their employees as well as their self-leadership skills. Management by Objectives is often used by CEOs in multinational corporations for their general managers overseas (Kotelnikov 2001). Another limitation of MBO is that it did not emphasize the significance of the environment as well as other aspects that would affect that satisfaction of goals. These aspects include quality and availability of resources and the influence of stakeholders over the objective (e.g. investors decisions). It did not also emphasize the importance of effectively responding to barriers and issues that are necessary to reach the objective. MBO did not emphasize the effect of the following concepts: limitations of planning, methodology and resources, expanding barriers related managing the information organization as well as the influence of changing environment which could change the business atmosphere and make planned actions inappropriate for the present situation (A Management by Objectives, History and Evolution n.d.). MBO did not emphasize the human nature concern. People across the world establish goals each year but do not follow them until they reach that goals. Objectives should also reflect on behaviour. On the other hand, goal setting often represents best intentions on that moment, aspirations or good ideas. Objectives does not always associate to the degree of execution that is necessary for achieving objectives (A Management by Objectives, History and Evolution n.d.). Another concept that will be assessed is Druckers perception of Effective Leadership. Drucker often emphasize either coaching management style or the delegating leader. However, he may have overlooked that effective leaders does not only delegate tasks or coach their teams. Leaders often made actions based on the situation, also known as situational leadership. The Situational Leadership Theory is not created by Peter Drucker but by Hersey and Blanchard. However, Hersey and Blanchard included delegating style as a part of Situational Leadership. Therefore, it does not necessarily signify that Druckers notions about leadership are wrong, but he only perceive an effective leadership in a limited scope-that is, his principles are only applicable in multinational corporations and other large scale businesses, not for small business management (Innovation and Entrepreneurship n.d.). Unlike the leadership principles presented by Drucker, Hersey and Blanchard believe that an effective leader adjusts their leadership styles. Leaders that employ situational leadership structure change their focus on task and interaction behaviour in order to deal with various levels of follower maturity. Based on the aforementioned information, it seems Drucker did not emphasize the fact that followers have different levels of maturity and some of them are not creative as leaders might expect to their subordinates. Furthermore, Hersey and Blanchard enumerated four possible leadership styles that a leader should employ: delegating, participating, selling and telling styles (Wiley 2006). Managers who employ situational leadership should be able to establish an alternative leadership styles as necessary. In order to do so, leaders should need to understand the maturity of follower in terms of readiness of tasks and employ the best leadership style that would be suitable to the working environment. If the follower maturity is high, then leaders should implement delegating style since this offer limited leadership intervention. If the situation is otherwise, then leaders should employ telling styles that focuses on task directed behaviours (Wiley 2006). Delegating style is not effective for those staff that has low readiness and has insufficient capability to perform tasks. Instead, the coaching management style might suffice in this situation. Other leadership styles that do not fall on the aforementioned categories include participating style and selling style. Therefore, Drucker should have explained when to use and when not to use coach management style and delegating style. Drucker also failed to recognize that an effective leader should be flexible enough to change his leadership style since followers, situations and environmental factors changed over time (Wiley 2006). Drucker believes that leadership is not purely about specific characteristics since no leaders will show exactly similar behaviours (Business Listening 2005). However, he did not consider that effective leaders have common qualities. One of these is the capability of listening, which is ironically speaking, this was acknowledged by Drucker but he did not consider as common features of effective leader. Effective leaders often accept and provide constructive suggestions, provide clear directions, establish and satisfy deadlines and capable of providing formal and informal presentation. Effective leaders often sets as a good role model, assist members in identifying and solving problems, elicits appreciations of members contributions and effectively handle dispute resolution. Other behaviours of an effective leader that was acknowledged by Drucker include delegation of responsibility, capable of developing productive atmosphere and asking questions to team members (The Government of Al berta 2001). While Druckers notion about the importance of innovation holds true in general, innovation itself has own risks and challenges. Because Drucker only provided limited information about taking advantage of innovation opportunities successfully, people often fall on innovation traps. For instance, leaders might always think that they are always ready to consider innovation. While thinking helps entrepreneurs to understand the tools and techniques that they should use to implement innovation, fallacies can disrupt reaching such objectives (Glor n.d). Innovators should have a clear thinking and not a wishful thinking. Another innovation trap is there is only one effective approach to examine innovation, which can be contrary to Druckers five principles of innovation. In other words, Drucker did not focus on the possible barriers that innovators might encounter during planning and implementation process. Successful innovators effectively ignore such barriers. Nevertheless, innovators should also anticipate specific threats and develop actions in order to overcome such problems (Glor n.d). Conclusion Peter Drucker is the finest modern management thinker in terms of his groundbreaking ideas on management and business disciplines. One of the contributions of Peter Drucker is the theory called Management by Objectives.MBO or Management by Objective emphasize the importance of identifying specific goals for each employee. Afterwards, the organization will then compare and direct their performance against established goals. MBOs main intention is to improve organizational performance through aligning goals and subordinate objective across the organization. While Management by Objectives presented a foundation for organizations how to achieve goals, it might not be always applicable to all organizations. For instance, MBO is appropriate for knowledge-based enterprises that consist of competent staff. This is also suitable in situations that require tapping the creativity of their employees as well as their self-leadership skills. Another limitation of MBO is that it did not emphasize the significance of the environment as well as other aspects that would affect that satisfaction of goals. These aspects include quality and availability of resources and the influence of stakeholders over the objective. It did not also emphasize the importance of effectively responding to barriers and issues that are necessary to reach the objective. MBO did not focused on the effect of the following concepts: limitations of planning, methodology and resources, expanding barriers related managing the information organization as well as the influence of changing environment which could change the business atmosphere and make planned actions inappropriate for the present situation. Drucker also stated that marketing and innovation serve as the two basic functions since the main purpose of entrepreneurship is to create a customer. If marketers perform their job correctly, which signifies effectively focusing on customer and innovate, and then other business elements will fall into place. He also argued that the main focus of marketing should be ways to sell superfluously-meaning understand the customers that the service and product will become appealing. Therefore, marketing should make customer ready to purchase a specific service or product. While Druckers notion about the importance of innovation holds true in general, innovation itself has own risks and challenges. Because Drucker only provided limited information about taking advantage of innovation opportunities successfully, people often fall on innovation traps. In other words, Drucker did not focus on the possible barriers that innovators might encounter during planning implementation process. Successful innovators effectively ignore such barriers but innovators should also anticipate specific threats and develop actions in order to overcome such problems. There are no questions regarding Druckers capability, wisdom and intelligence about the management, leadership and entrepreneurship. However, similar to other principles created by scholars, they have their own advantages and disadvantages. In the case of Druckers, it seems that he overlooked stakeholders and environmental factors that influence the success of achieving objectives as well as other barriers that entrepreneurs and innovators might ignore.

Autism: Identification and Characteristics

â€Å"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development† (Unknown, 2013). However, there are multiple definitions of Autism spectrum disorder and autism. The two most accepted definitions are those outlined in IDEA and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, The IDEA definition of ASD and Autism has these disorders characterized by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and academic performance, that can be observed prior to the child turning three years of age. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, these disorders are grouped under Pervasive Developmental Disorder. These disorders include, but are not limited to, autistic disorder, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and Asperger syndrome (APA, 2000). Characteristics of Autism or ASD include difficulties in language development, ranging from no verbal communication to complex communication, delayed language development, and echolalia. Echolalia is the uncontrollable and immediate repetition of words spoken by another person or sounds in the surrounding environment. It also includes difficulties in Social Development. These difficulties include delays in social interactions and social skills such as, impaired use of nonverbal behavior, lack of peer relationships, failure to spontaneously share enjoyment, interests, and achievements, as well as a Lack of reciprocity. Autism and ASDs are also characterized by repetitive behavior such as obsessions, tics, and perseverations. Those diagnosed with Autism or ASD are also said to display problem behavior such as self-injurious behavior or aggression, a need for environmental predictability, symptoms of sensory and movement disorders, as well as, symptoms of Savant Syndrome. Savant Syndrome is a rare condition in which persons with various developmental disorders, including autistic disorder, have astonishing islands of ability, brilliance or talent in areas such as the fine arts. Many savants are also very good with remembering facts such as phone numbers or birthdays, after only seeing them a few imes. Causes and Prevalence The causes of autism range from different aspects. Some people's perspective about it comes from history which is where the phrase â€Å"refrigerator mothers† comes from. Refrigerator mothers were women who were emotionally frigid to towards their children, showing their children little to no affection whatsoever. However, in the 1970s, researchers had established that autism is c aused by brain or biochemical dysfunction that occurs before, during, or after birth. Today, parents are not seen as the cause of their child's autism, but as partners with educators when helping solve their child's problems. The biomedical causes show that a child that has a sibling is 10 times more likely to develop autism than a child that does not have any siblings. There also seems to be a connection between environmental factors and genes. Parents also report that they see regression in their child directly following an immunization. But with this being said, parents also see a regression in their unvaccinated children. If a pair of identical twins share the same gene, and one has autism, then 9 out of 10 times, the other twin has autism as well. Researchers believe that the biggest causes of autism are vaccinations, environmental exposures, pesticide exposure, parental age, pharmaceuticals, freeway proximity, and limited prenatal vitamin intake. The prevalence of autism suggests a range from 10 to 60 per 10,000 children. Principles of Effective Instruction and Assessment of Progress There are different kinds of effective instructions in order to help out the child that is diagnosed with Autism. Some of the strategies include keyword, pegword, and letter. Keyword strategies â€Å"teach students to link a keyword to a new word or concept to help them remember the new material† (Turnbull, Turnbull, Wehmeyer, ; Shogren, 2013). This allows the Autistic children understand and learn the material a lot easier. Pegword strategy â€Å"helps students remember numbered or ordered information by linking words and numbers that rhyme† (Turnbull, Turnbull, Wehmeyer, ; Shogren, 2013). This strategy is great for students to visual the objects being represented. The last strategy is the letter strategy â€Å"employs acronyms or a string of letters to help students remember a list of words or concepts. Recalling the acronym helps them recall the list or sequence. † (Turnbull, Turnbull, Wehmeyer, ; Shogren, 2013). â€Å"The Autism Screening Instrument for Educational Planning (ASIEP-2) has five components or subtests that enable educators to evaluate a student’s capacity across communication, social interactions, behavior, academic content, and other domains. (Turnbull, Turnbull, Wehmeyer, ; Shogren, 2013). The behavior checklist is used as a screening tool to identify the need for further assessment to determine whether the student has autism. (Turnbull, Turnbull, Wehmeyer, ; Shogren, 2013). These assessments can be used at home and during school hours. These methods are very effective for an Autism child. The technology and methods continue to grow and change for this disability. This particular disability has become more prominent within the United States each and every year. Researchers are becoming more and more familiar with Autism allowing those that have it able to have more help. The progress of this disability has rapidly increased as well as the technology for Autism. Family Issues Autism does not only affect the child, but autism also affects the parents of the child as well. Parents or guardians of children with ASD must place their child’s needs as their primary focus. When parents with autistic children put their full attention in being a caregiver to these children sometimes this adds stress on their marriage, other children, finances, and personal relationships and responsibilities. Also when having a child with ASD with siblings there may be some lack of attention for the other children in the family. In saying this, it is the parent’s job to best respond to the need of the family as a whole in able to show an equal amount of love to each child. Transition into Adulthood Children with autism are just like children without autism. They grow up wanting to make something of their lives, wanting to attend college, to get married, have a family, ect. Having autism makes dreams and goals harder, but not impossible. Young adults on the autistic spectrum may qualify academically for college, but may not be able to handle other aspects of college life. Also when it comes to employment also depending on the severity of his or her symptoms many organizations hire extra help for adults with autism and other disabilities for pay in order to help them grow as a person and help to work everyday tasks. Just little things like going to college with the help of an assistant or having a small job helps to better them and help to make their transition into adulthood smoother and simpler. References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC. American Psychiatric Association. Pelt, J. (2008, September/October). Autism Into Adulthood-Making the Transition. Retrieved from Social Work Today: http://www.socialworktoday.com/archive/090208p12.shtml Turnbull, A., Turnbull, R., Wehmeyer, M. L., ; Shogren, K. A. (2013). Exceptional Lives Special Education in Today's Schools. Boston. Unknown. (2013). Family Issues. Retrieved from Autism Society: Improving the Lives of All Affected by Autism: http://www.autism-society.org/living-with-autism/family-issues/ Unknown. (2013). What is Autism? Retrieved from Autism Speaks: http://www.autismspeaks.org

Leadership And Organizational Behavior Unit 4 - 1820 Words

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Sexual Harassment And The Workplace Essay - 2278 Words

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