Peter Druckers Contribution To Management Management Essay

Peter Druckers Contribution To Management Management Essay Peter Drucker is the finest modern management thinker in terms of his groundbreaking ideas on management and business disciplines. This paper will discuss his major contributions to management theory and practice and critically appraise his ideas about marketing, performance management, knowledge economy, managing change and post industrialisation. One of the contributions of Peter Drucker is the theory called Management by Objectives.MBO or Management by Objective emphasize the importance of identifying specific goals for each employee. Afterwards, the organization will then compare and direct their performance against established goals. MBOs main intention is to improve organizational performance through aligning goals and subordinate objective across the organization. Employee often improves their input through identification of goals and setting reasonable time lines. Management by Objectives includes continuous monitoring and feedbacks during the process of reaching goals (Value Based Management 2010). Peter Drucker first created the concept of MBO in 1954 in his book The Practice of Management. As suggested by Drucker, managers must prevent activity trap or being engaged in their daily activities that they often ignore their primary purpose. To improve the effectiveness of a business strategic plan, MBO theories suggested that all managers (not some or few) must engage in the strategic planning process. Another aspect of MBO states that managers must establish various performance systems created to support the firm to remain on the right track. MBO Principles includes cascading objectives and goals of the organization, providing specific goals for every member, encourage participative decision making, established reasonable time line and evaluate performance and give feedbacks (Value Based Management 2010). MBO also introduced the SMART approach for assessing the validity of Objectives that must be SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Related (Value Based Management 2010). Specific means setting expected results that are more specific; for instance, rather than stating better customer satisfaction, the goal should increase customer satisfaction score by 12 points employing the customer service survey. Objectives should also be measurable. This may mean that the organization should include their objectives in the review process. They should create measure to determine clearly whether a member has satisfied its objectives or not; for example, please rate the cleanliness of the store ranging from excellent, good, fair and poor (Bogue 2005). Achievable is the next crucial factor in establishing goals. For example, achieving 10 to 20 percent improve customer service is considered achievable while the goals of improving customer service by around 100 to 200 percent is considered unachievable. Being realistic signifies considering uncontrollable circumstances. Realistic objectives should be challenging but not too challenging that the chances of achieving such goal is minimal. Time-based signifies that the organization should set specific time period when the objective should be reached. In other words, objectives should not involve, should increase customer satisfaction by 20 percents but rather it must be should increase customer satisfaction by 20 percent within the next 14 months (Bogue 2005). Peter Drucker also served as the leading authority of entrepreneurship and innovation. According to Drucker (cited in Iowa State University 2010), Innovation consists of finding a new and more effective way of performing tasks. He believes that the organization has seven sources or places to search for innovative opportunities that must be recognized by those people who are interested in venturing entrepreneurship. The first one is the unexpected. Signs of unique opportunity could be unexpected incident, unexpected failure or unexpected success. Any discrepancy regarding reality and what reality should be can also serve as an opportunity to innovate. Innovation can also arise from the process need. If a specific process has a weak link, but individuals involved are used to it rather than solving the issue, this presents an opportunity (Iowa State University 2010). Opportunity for innovation might also emerge in changes in market structure and the industry as well as in the changes in population size, age structure, and employment, level of education and income of a society. Improvements in both scientific and non-scientific information can generate new products and new markets. Furthermore, apart from opportunities, Drucker also presented five principles of innovation so that interested people would be able to exploit what they have realized. The first one is they should start evaluation of the existing opportunity (Iowa State University 2010). Next, they should assess if the target market would be interested with the said innovation. An innovation will also become more effective if it is simple and clearly emphasizes a specific need. Successful innovation often starts small. Entrepreneurs could target a small market niche and as the market grows, the organization would have the time to improve its processes to accommodate the demands of the expanding market. They should also focus on market leadership. Otherwise, the idea would not be innovative enough to become successful (Iowa State University 2010). Drucker also stated that marketing and innovation serve as the two basic functions since the main purpose of entrepreneurship is to create a customer. The remaining functions are considered as costs. If marketers perform their job correctly, which signifies effectively focusing on customer and innovate, and then other business elements will fall into place. He also argued that the main focus of marketing should be ways to sell superfluously-meaning understand the customers that the service and product will become appealing. Therefore, marketing should make customers ready to purchase a specific service or product (Gonzalez n.d.). Subject matters related to management and leadership also serves as another important contribution from Peter Drucker. In fact, he created his own definition of leadership. For Drucker, leadership and management only have few differences in terms of definition. He believes that leadership is not purely about specific characteristics since no leaders will show exactly similar characteristics. Leadership is not also about having a charisma and king-like features (will be discussed later). Leadership is about how people perform their responsibility being a leader-similar to management (Business Listening 2005). One of the foundations of effective leadership is considering the organizations mission and identifying it. Organization should clearly establish that mission. It would be the responsibility of the leaders to establish those goals and priorities with clarity. Similarly, it would be up to the leader to describe and sustain those standards. Another foundation for effective leadership is the leadership responsibility. Successful leaders do not blame others since they are aware that they will take responsibility of any actions made by his/her subordinate. Effective leaders are also not anxious of independent thinking subordinates and they often persuade their team to become more effective members. The leaders responsibility is to share their visions among the group and create a working atmosphere where team members may flourish (Winston-Churchill Leadership 2007). Effective leadership also requires trust; otherwise, leaders will not gain effective followers. Trust can be earned but not through being loved. It does not also signify that subordinates and leaders should have the same opinion. Rather, anything what the leaders say should also reflect on their actions-integrity. If leaders have integrity, then they can be trusted (Winston-Churchill Leadership 2007). Drucker also discussed the dangers of charisma. Examples of those charismatic leaders who are not effective leaders include Mao, Stalin, Mussolini and Hitler. In other words, people should not choose leaders on the basis of charisma. Harry Truman does not have any charisma but everyone became loyal to him since he is an effective and trusted leader. If Truman said yes, he truly means yes. He does not say no to other one, and then yes to the other person concerning the same issue. Another effective leadership without an ounce of charisma is Ronald Reagan since he is very aware what he is capable of and not capable of (Karlgaard 2004). Furthermore, he created a five-part effectiveness model regarding management based on listening skills specifically steps one, two and five. The first step suggests that selecting ways to spend and not to spend time necessitates insistent delegation to avoid spending time on nonessential matters. Even though Drucker did not state it directly, it is clearly the Druckers concept of delegation is about coaching management style, wherein it involves timely listening with their subordinate regarding planning and progress. Direct control management style would discourage effective delegation of duties (Business Listening 2005). The next step is the executive should ask their subordinates what they contribute for the company today and for the future. As Drucker suggested, regardless whether subordinates view is similar is similar to the managers perspectives or not, emphasizing and realizing the value of everybodys roles being a contributor is necessary to the companys overall effectiveness. This is similar to the principles covered by Covey and Goleman regarding self-awareness, listening to one-self and having awareness towards others (e.g. listening to subordinates) (Business Listening 2005). In the fifth step, Drucker focused on the significance of actively searching for competing opinions and requesting regarding the basis for those opinions before selecting courses of action instead of acting based on pre-arranged or implicit consensus. This will need persistent listening with real curiosity to promote development of various opinions and assisting rationales, instead of simply establishing proposal and building consensus around them (Business Listening 2005). Drucker encourages coaching management style since he believes that the next society will become a knowledge economy. Knowledge will serve as an important resource and knowledge workers will become dominant workforce. The three characteristics of knowledge includes borderlessness, upwards mobility and its potential for success and failure. Knowledge is borderless since it can be transferred to another effortlessly. Upward mobility signifies knowledge is readily available through formal education. However, having that knowledge does not signify success since it can also become a failure depending on how people execute that knowledge. Drucker also noted that knowledge economy will heavily rely on knowledge workers (Drucker 2001). Therefore, it would be prudent for leaders to create an atmosphere would help reached knowledge workers to reach their own potential (Business Listening 2005). Critical Appraisal Druckers Ideas However, the question remains whether the principles presented by Drucker are still applicable to the modern management. The most plausible answer is that in general they are still applicable to the modern management. However, all principles whether they are created by Drucker or by other scholars have their own limitations and strengths as well as. One good example is the Management by Objectives. While Management by Objectives presented a foundation for organizations how to achieve goals, it might not be always applicable to all organizations. For instance, MBO is appropriate for knowledge-based enterprises that consist of competent staff. This is also suitable in situations that require tapping the creativity of their employees as well as their self-leadership skills. Management by Objectives is often used by CEOs in multinational corporations for their general managers overseas (Kotelnikov 2001). Another limitation of MBO is that it did not emphasize the significance of the environment as well as other aspects that would affect that satisfaction of goals. These aspects include quality and availability of resources and the influence of stakeholders over the objective (e.g. investors decisions). It did not also emphasize the importance of effectively responding to barriers and issues that are necessary to reach the objective. MBO did not emphasize the effect of the following concepts: limitations of planning, methodology and resources, expanding barriers related managing the information organization as well as the influence of changing environment which could change the business atmosphere and make planned actions inappropriate for the present situation (A Management by Objectives, History and Evolution n.d.). MBO did not emphasize the human nature concern. People across the world establish goals each year but do not follow them until they reach that goals. Objectives should also reflect on behaviour. On the other hand, goal setting often represents best intentions on that moment, aspirations or good ideas. Objectives does not always associate to the degree of execution that is necessary for achieving objectives (A Management by Objectives, History and Evolution n.d.). Another concept that will be assessed is Druckers perception of Effective Leadership. Drucker often emphasize either coaching management style or the delegating leader. However, he may have overlooked that effective leaders does not only delegate tasks or coach their teams. Leaders often made actions based on the situation, also known as situational leadership. The Situational Leadership Theory is not created by Peter Drucker but by Hersey and Blanchard. However, Hersey and Blanchard included delegating style as a part of Situational Leadership. Therefore, it does not necessarily signify that Druckers notions about leadership are wrong, but he only perceive an effective leadership in a limited scope-that is, his principles are only applicable in multinational corporations and other large scale businesses, not for small business management (Innovation and Entrepreneurship n.d.). Unlike the leadership principles presented by Drucker, Hersey and Blanchard believe that an effective leader adjusts their leadership styles. Leaders that employ situational leadership structure change their focus on task and interaction behaviour in order to deal with various levels of follower maturity. Based on the aforementioned information, it seems Drucker did not emphasize the fact that followers have different levels of maturity and some of them are not creative as leaders might expect to their subordinates. Furthermore, Hersey and Blanchard enumerated four possible leadership styles that a leader should employ: delegating, participating, selling and telling styles (Wiley 2006). Managers who employ situational leadership should be able to establish an alternative leadership styles as necessary. In order to do so, leaders should need to understand the maturity of follower in terms of readiness of tasks and employ the best leadership style that would be suitable to the working environment. If the follower maturity is high, then leaders should implement delegating style since this offer limited leadership intervention. If the situation is otherwise, then leaders should employ telling styles that focuses on task directed behaviours (Wiley 2006). Delegating style is not effective for those staff that has low readiness and has insufficient capability to perform tasks. Instead, the coaching management style might suffice in this situation. Other leadership styles that do not fall on the aforementioned categories include participating style and selling style. Therefore, Drucker should have explained when to use and when not to use coach management style and delegating style. Drucker also failed to recognize that an effective leader should be flexible enough to change his leadership style since followers, situations and environmental factors changed over time (Wiley 2006). Drucker believes that leadership is not purely about specific characteristics since no leaders will show exactly similar behaviours (Business Listening 2005). However, he did not consider that effective leaders have common qualities. One of these is the capability of listening, which is ironically speaking, this was acknowledged by Drucker but he did not consider as common features of effective leader. Effective leaders often accept and provide constructive suggestions, provide clear directions, establish and satisfy deadlines and capable of providing formal and informal presentation. Effective leaders often sets as a good role model, assist members in identifying and solving problems, elicits appreciations of members contributions and effectively handle dispute resolution. Other behaviours of an effective leader that was acknowledged by Drucker include delegation of responsibility, capable of developing productive atmosphere and asking questions to team members (The Government of Al berta 2001). While Druckers notion about the importance of innovation holds true in general, innovation itself has own risks and challenges. Because Drucker only provided limited information about taking advantage of innovation opportunities successfully, people often fall on innovation traps. For instance, leaders might always think that they are always ready to consider innovation. While thinking helps entrepreneurs to understand the tools and techniques that they should use to implement innovation, fallacies can disrupt reaching such objectives (Glor n.d). Innovators should have a clear thinking and not a wishful thinking. Another innovation trap is there is only one effective approach to examine innovation, which can be contrary to Druckers five principles of innovation. In other words, Drucker did not focus on the possible barriers that innovators might encounter during planning and implementation process. Successful innovators effectively ignore such barriers. Nevertheless, innovators should also anticipate specific threats and develop actions in order to overcome such problems (Glor n.d). Conclusion Peter Drucker is the finest modern management thinker in terms of his groundbreaking ideas on management and business disciplines. One of the contributions of Peter Drucker is the theory called Management by Objectives.MBO or Management by Objective emphasize the importance of identifying specific goals for each employee. Afterwards, the organization will then compare and direct their performance against established goals. MBOs main intention is to improve organizational performance through aligning goals and subordinate objective across the organization. While Management by Objectives presented a foundation for organizations how to achieve goals, it might not be always applicable to all organizations. For instance, MBO is appropriate for knowledge-based enterprises that consist of competent staff. This is also suitable in situations that require tapping the creativity of their employees as well as their self-leadership skills. Another limitation of MBO is that it did not emphasize the significance of the environment as well as other aspects that would affect that satisfaction of goals. These aspects include quality and availability of resources and the influence of stakeholders over the objective. It did not also emphasize the importance of effectively responding to barriers and issues that are necessary to reach the objective. MBO did not focused on the effect of the following concepts: limitations of planning, methodology and resources, expanding barriers related managing the information organization as well as the influence of changing environment which could change the business atmosphere and make planned actions inappropriate for the present situation. Drucker also stated that marketing and innovation serve as the two basic functions since the main purpose of entrepreneurship is to create a customer. If marketers perform their job correctly, which signifies effectively focusing on customer and innovate, and then other business elements will fall into place. He also argued that the main focus of marketing should be ways to sell superfluously-meaning understand the customers that the service and product will become appealing. Therefore, marketing should make customer ready to purchase a specific service or product. While Druckers notion about the importance of innovation holds true in general, innovation itself has own risks and challenges. Because Drucker only provided limited information about taking advantage of innovation opportunities successfully, people often fall on innovation traps. In other words, Drucker did not focus on the possible barriers that innovators might encounter during planning implementation process. Successful innovators effectively ignore such barriers but innovators should also anticipate specific threats and develop actions in order to overcome such problems. There are no questions regarding Druckers capability, wisdom and intelligence about the management, leadership and entrepreneurship. However, similar to other principles created by scholars, they have their own advantages and disadvantages. In the case of Druckers, it seems that he overlooked stakeholders and environmental factors that influence the success of achieving objectives as well as other barriers that entrepreneurs and innovators might ignore.

Autism: Identification and Characteristics

â€Å"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development† (Unknown, 2013). However, there are multiple definitions of Autism spectrum disorder and autism. The two most accepted definitions are those outlined in IDEA and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, The IDEA definition of ASD and Autism has these disorders characterized by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and academic performance, that can be observed prior to the child turning three years of age. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, these disorders are grouped under Pervasive Developmental Disorder. These disorders include, but are not limited to, autistic disorder, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and Asperger syndrome (APA, 2000). Characteristics of Autism or ASD include difficulties in language development, ranging from no verbal communication to complex communication, delayed language development, and echolalia. Echolalia is the uncontrollable and immediate repetition of words spoken by another person or sounds in the surrounding environment. It also includes difficulties in Social Development. These difficulties include delays in social interactions and social skills such as, impaired use of nonverbal behavior, lack of peer relationships, failure to spontaneously share enjoyment, interests, and achievements, as well as a Lack of reciprocity. Autism and ASDs are also characterized by repetitive behavior such as obsessions, tics, and perseverations. Those diagnosed with Autism or ASD are also said to display problem behavior such as self-injurious behavior or aggression, a need for environmental predictability, symptoms of sensory and movement disorders, as well as, symptoms of Savant Syndrome. Savant Syndrome is a rare condition in which persons with various developmental disorders, including autistic disorder, have astonishing islands of ability, brilliance or talent in areas such as the fine arts. Many savants are also very good with remembering facts such as phone numbers or birthdays, after only seeing them a few imes. Causes and Prevalence The causes of autism range from different aspects. Some people's perspective about it comes from history which is where the phrase â€Å"refrigerator mothers† comes from. Refrigerator mothers were women who were emotionally frigid to towards their children, showing their children little to no affection whatsoever. However, in the 1970s, researchers had established that autism is c aused by brain or biochemical dysfunction that occurs before, during, or after birth. Today, parents are not seen as the cause of their child's autism, but as partners with educators when helping solve their child's problems. The biomedical causes show that a child that has a sibling is 10 times more likely to develop autism than a child that does not have any siblings. There also seems to be a connection between environmental factors and genes. Parents also report that they see regression in their child directly following an immunization. But with this being said, parents also see a regression in their unvaccinated children. If a pair of identical twins share the same gene, and one has autism, then 9 out of 10 times, the other twin has autism as well. Researchers believe that the biggest causes of autism are vaccinations, environmental exposures, pesticide exposure, parental age, pharmaceuticals, freeway proximity, and limited prenatal vitamin intake. The prevalence of autism suggests a range from 10 to 60 per 10,000 children. Principles of Effective Instruction and Assessment of Progress There are different kinds of effective instructions in order to help out the child that is diagnosed with Autism. Some of the strategies include keyword, pegword, and letter. Keyword strategies â€Å"teach students to link a keyword to a new word or concept to help them remember the new material† (Turnbull, Turnbull, Wehmeyer, ; Shogren, 2013). This allows the Autistic children understand and learn the material a lot easier. Pegword strategy â€Å"helps students remember numbered or ordered information by linking words and numbers that rhyme† (Turnbull, Turnbull, Wehmeyer, ; Shogren, 2013). This strategy is great for students to visual the objects being represented. The last strategy is the letter strategy â€Å"employs acronyms or a string of letters to help students remember a list of words or concepts. Recalling the acronym helps them recall the list or sequence. † (Turnbull, Turnbull, Wehmeyer, ; Shogren, 2013). â€Å"The Autism Screening Instrument for Educational Planning (ASIEP-2) has five components or subtests that enable educators to evaluate a student’s capacity across communication, social interactions, behavior, academic content, and other domains. (Turnbull, Turnbull, Wehmeyer, ; Shogren, 2013). The behavior checklist is used as a screening tool to identify the need for further assessment to determine whether the student has autism. (Turnbull, Turnbull, Wehmeyer, ; Shogren, 2013). These assessments can be used at home and during school hours. These methods are very effective for an Autism child. The technology and methods continue to grow and change for this disability. This particular disability has become more prominent within the United States each and every year. Researchers are becoming more and more familiar with Autism allowing those that have it able to have more help. The progress of this disability has rapidly increased as well as the technology for Autism. Family Issues Autism does not only affect the child, but autism also affects the parents of the child as well. Parents or guardians of children with ASD must place their child’s needs as their primary focus. When parents with autistic children put their full attention in being a caregiver to these children sometimes this adds stress on their marriage, other children, finances, and personal relationships and responsibilities. Also when having a child with ASD with siblings there may be some lack of attention for the other children in the family. In saying this, it is the parent’s job to best respond to the need of the family as a whole in able to show an equal amount of love to each child. Transition into Adulthood Children with autism are just like children without autism. They grow up wanting to make something of their lives, wanting to attend college, to get married, have a family, ect. Having autism makes dreams and goals harder, but not impossible. Young adults on the autistic spectrum may qualify academically for college, but may not be able to handle other aspects of college life. Also when it comes to employment also depending on the severity of his or her symptoms many organizations hire extra help for adults with autism and other disabilities for pay in order to help them grow as a person and help to work everyday tasks. Just little things like going to college with the help of an assistant or having a small job helps to better them and help to make their transition into adulthood smoother and simpler. References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC. American Psychiatric Association. Pelt, J. (2008, September/October). Autism Into Adulthood-Making the Transition. Retrieved from Social Work Today: http://www.socialworktoday.com/archive/090208p12.shtml Turnbull, A., Turnbull, R., Wehmeyer, M. L., ; Shogren, K. A. (2013). Exceptional Lives Special Education in Today's Schools. Boston. Unknown. (2013). Family Issues. Retrieved from Autism Society: Improving the Lives of All Affected by Autism: http://www.autism-society.org/living-with-autism/family-issues/ Unknown. (2013). What is Autism? Retrieved from Autism Speaks: http://www.autismspeaks.org

Leadership And Organizational Behavior Unit 4 - 1820 Words

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Sexual Harassment And The Workplace Essay - 2278 Words

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Based on Civil Rights Act of 1991, there has been an increased amount of incentives for employer’s prohibition conducts of sexual harassment. How people perceive and evaluate sexual harassmentRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Harassment in the Work Place: Building More Awareness In today’s society, sexual harassment in the workplace has become a problem. This problem should have more attention and awareness provided to help stop these situations from happening. Sexual harassment can happen anywhere, at any time, and to everyone. It does not discriminate and effects all ethnicity, genders, age, and races. Due to the larger number of cases presented in courts today, sexual harassment in the workplace continues toRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace1359 Words   |  6 Pagesfor any company to legally define what constitutes sexual harassment in the workplace, but there are many ways to define sexual harassment. Everyone has different views and tolerance levels towards sexual harassment. When a case of sexual harassment occurs in a workplace, however, it comes down to how the courts define sexual harassment. The Supreme Court defines sexual harassment to be unlawful in two ways. â€Å"The first type involves sexual harassment that results in a t angible employment action;† thisRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesSexual Harassment in the Workplace Introduction Sexual harassment is an ethical problem in the workplace. Sexual harassment is defined as unwelcome verbal, visual, or physical conduct of a sexual nature. It can affect your working conditions and creates a hostile work environment. It can also affect productivity, satisfaction, retention, patient care and safety, your physical well-being and mental health. It can also cause low staff morale, increased absenteeism and attrition of staff. This studentRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Workplace1608 Words   |  7 Pagessubject to sexual harassment ranging from sexually degrading comments to physical acts of sexual assault. Unfortunately for the women working at the mine, that was only the beginning of the harassment they’d experience. If this was not damaging enough, women were deterred, if not, outright sanctioned for reporting instances of harassment to management. It is reasonable to assume that culture at Pearson Taconite and Steel fostered a hostile work environment for women. Though the issue of sexual harassment

Star Trek Enterprise As A Guide - 1710 Words

If I were given the chance to use a time machine the number of places I would want to visit are countless. Would I go to 2490 BC to see the Pyramids of Giza being constructed? Would I visit 1590 to track down the mysteries of the ruins of Roanoke? While going to these places would be fascinating they wouldn’t solve my quest for knowledge on an extraterrestrial level. Though I was tempted to visit 1947 Roswell, New Mexico I would have been severely disappointed if it actually turned out to just be a weather balloon instead of a UFO. This is why I have decided to travel into the future to when we embark on space travel 2151 because after all Space is the final frontier. Now with anything in the future imagining what life holds ahead of us is guessing however I will use Star Trek Enterprise as a guide. The reason I will assume Star Trek Enterprise is like the future is due to the fact that it is the brink of space travel reaching out to the furthest reaches of the galaxy. With this in mind the technology while great is not a whole lot more advanced to what is being built today. In 2151 the launch of space travel opening a new age of exploration for Earth and mankind. With the verge of space travel the majority of time will be spent on the ship itself without contact coming for a while. I would expect tight quarters as there would be many crewmembers on board so it is nice I am not claustrophobic. While in space it might be exceedingly dangerous with navigating arounds cosmicShow MoreRelatedLeadership Theories And Approaches That Present Itself During The Course Of The Movie Into The Darkness 1322 Words   |  6 Pagessynonymous with intrigue and adventure. But what little notice is the subtle undertones of leadership genius within the Star Trek franchise. It is not just a nerd-lovers vice, no - it is also the story of effective leadership and healthy team dynamics. 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The first part (chapters 1 through 6) explains why the innovator’s DNA matters and how the pieces can combine into a personalized approach to innovation. We put ï ¬â€šesh onto the â€Å"think different† slogan by explaining inRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesInternational Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of AmericaRead MoreAccounting 1-4 Chapter100452 Words   |  402 Pagesclimbing, and mountain biking. 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Sci228 Ilab Free Essays

Carmen Coronado iLab SCI 228 June 12, 2011 BMI Part 1 Define BMI-You must define BMI and not just as a general definition indicating its relationship to height and weight. Please also do not forget to define the actual term BMI! The body mass index (BMI) is of a measurement that was introduced in the early 19th century in order to categorize the entire population’s weight problems. The BMI is a statistic that is used to classify people’s weight as underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese. We will write a custom essay sample on Sci228 Ilab or any similar topic only for you Order Now The formula that is used to calculate ones BMI is that the metric system will divide ones weight in kilograms by ones height in squared meters. Then the units call for the physicians to multiply ones weight in pounds by 703 and will then divide the number that was gotten by ones height in inches squared. The body mass index will indicate if one is underweight, normal, overweight, and or obese categories. Part 2 Calculate BMI-Many students use an automated calculator to complete this part of the assignment. I will deduct points if I do not see the actual math calculations. Please include all stages of the math calculations associated with determining your BMI. There is an approximately 1800 calories that should be ingested. As to my BMR (basal metabolic rate) is about 1300 calories, which I should be eating around 700 more calories in order for it to account for the amount of energy I will be expending during the day in both my daily activities. With regards to food, this entails eating adequate portions of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. A bowl of steel-cut oats with added whole milk, with a handful of almonds, topped with a tablespoon of ground flaxseed and mixed berries equates to around 600 calories. In the mid-morning I would have a snack of a protein shake and an apple that will work out to be about 100 calories. For lunch a tossed salad containing grilled chicken pieces, romaine lettuce, corn, shoestring beets, carrots, soybeans that will work out to be about 500 calories. For dinner I would have a plate with fried rice, some mixed vegetables, mashed potatoes, and a piece of fish seasoned with garlic salt and lemon that would come out to be about 500 calories. So I would be left with 100 calories at the end of my day. Reference -Janiszewski, Peter. Body mass index (BMI) as a measure of obesity and health: a critical appraisal. June 12, 2011. http://scienceblogs. com/obesitypanacea/2010/03/body_mass_index_bmi_as_a_measu. php How to cite Sci228 Ilab, Essay examples

Social Networking Perceptions and Experiences †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Social Networking Perceptions and Experiences. Answer: Introduction: The business environment has changed and is continuing to change fast. As technology continues to advance management, the use of social networks in business can no longer be ignored. Without social networks business no longer records high sales. Social networking is part and parcel of every business today. Over the years the use of social network working has enabled businesses to promote their brands. Businesses have also been able to connect with customers giving instant services online and getting clients feedback for purposes of making more improvement with regard to service delivery. Social networks are the new ways of doing business. Sharing and connecting different people to different products is the new method in the business environment. Competition is also stiff and the use of social networks is a must for all business. The need or a stronger relationship especially between businesses and their customers is also on the rise. With this objectives, all lined up a business has to be innovative and have the highest affinity towards technology. Todays business environment has seriously changed. It is nearly impossible to imagine doing business without the internet. A business that is outside a social network is as good as being out of business altogether. Despite the fact that social networking is here to stay, there is still some level of debate as what its advantages and disadvantages are. Several business leaders are still missing out on what exactly constitute social networking. There is no clear understanding of social networking and how business can apply it. This paper, therefore, looks at the advantages and disadvantages of the social network. It seeks to bring a clear understanding of the use of social networking. Statement of the problem Business competition is on the rise across the globe and the need to connect with customers and stakeholders are defining today's business. Social networking has, therefore, become prevalent not only in business but also amongst the general public. The objective of this study is to help understand social networking by looking at the advantages and disadvantages of social networking for businesses. This will help business to understand how social networking can be used by eliminating the raging confusion with regard to social networking in business. Other objectives include: To help business promote their brands and image To help business enhance their communication To help businesses apply social networking appropriately in order to serve customers. To help business improve their service delivery Several studies have been conducted. All these studies have been productive but there is still a lot that still needs to be done. Social networking Management still needs a comprehensive coverage. Technology is also not static, it keeps on changing and this leads to the emergence of new issues which needs attention. The many choices that social networking offers can be confusing if not fully explored and documented. In the business environment today, a lot of different changing aspects are on the rise. With these changes, it is possible for confusion to reign in such circumstances. Taking all these aspects into consideration, it is important that social networking is defined and well-studied for purposes of helping new startups as well as established organizations. Literature Review Social networking is a piece of digital real estate according to Ceglarek Ward, (2016 p. 31) in that it helps a business to show itself to the world and to let the world know about it. It connects business to the world. This way it helps promote a business and bring about achieving goals more effectively. The major point of concern in this particular paper looks at how social networking can be used creating connections. These connections are essential in bringing about interactions. Businesses seriously really need to interact with customers. Lack of interaction can be devastating. Without interacting with customers Management, the business cannot understand the mood of their customers, their concerns, desires, and complaints. Businesses find it easy to identify and correct mistakes speedily. This way, a business can save its name and image from damage (Cummings Dennis 2016). Social networking is a powerful promotional tool for business. For purposes of improving conversion rate, t he use of social networking is inevitable. The sharing of comments, allows business to connect and effectively interact with their respective customers. By complimenting a companys services, a company gets to build its image and gain more authority. On the other hand based on information users of social networks post publicly to various platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, blog posts, it is evident that in the event that a discussion forum reveals some aspects of company negatively such as its services, then that particular company can move swiftly to address the problem before it grows (Cummings Dennis 2016) An organization may use social networking to demonstrate to its customers the kind of services it offers. The very advantage of social networking is that it helps an organization to quickly address customer relations and apologize as soon as possible. Every business is unique. Every business has different goals and different objectives. Besides business may also have the different target demographic, various histories as well as the varied competitive marketplace. The importance of analyzing social media arises from the fact that business cannot compete effectively today without social networking. Todays business environment is so competitive such that it needs a lot of connections. A business that is sure to survive is one that uses social networking appropriately and effectively. A proper use of social networking needs the proper understanding of how social networking operates. Moreover the fact that social networking is dynamic and constantly evolving as technology advances also make it important to study social networking keenly and into details. This is helpful if a business is to keep up with constant changes, challenges, and new findings that are significant in bringing about powerful influences a companys social networking success rate (Cummings Dennis, 2016) Methodology This section of the paper will deal with projects overall framework, the sampling frame as well as the necessary procedure to be applied, It will also handle data collection methods, the research questions of this project and the hypothesis to be tested in the entire project as well as the projects procedure for analysis. The use of social networking in business is the key to achieving a businesss revenue goals and productivity despite the lack clear understanding of the entire concept by various business stakeholders. What are the gains of social networks in business What are the drawbacks of social networks in business What are the measures to take so as to address the drawbacks of social networks in business Management? How beneficial is social networking to business today Sample, sampling frame and sampling procedure The sampling frame for this project will consist of business stakeholders preferably managers. The total sample with be composed of a total of 60 business managers. This respondent will be selected based on the number of years the business has been in operation. Only those who have tried to use social networking will be selected who will be interviewed. 50of these business managers from upcoming business and startups will be selected and 50 other business managers from a well-established business according to Choi (2016). Data will be collected by the use of questionnaires. The best way to reach the target respondents much faster will be through the use of emails. Emailing respondents has proved to be the most convenient method of data collection over the years. This is due to the fact that it minimizes traveling expenses as well as time wasted in while waiting for appointments to materialize (Orcher 2017). As compared to other methods of data collection, emailing respondents stands out to be the most effective in today's busy environment where time is a scarce resource. It makes it easier to reach respondents from various geographical backgrounds. Questionnaire that are well structured will be mailed to the respondents. This will enable the collection very comprehensive information. Social networking can only be understood if the required information is collected well. For purposes of carrying out analysis, this study will employ the use of SPSS - a statistical package of social scientist. The use of primary data will be profound in this particular research. According to Sudheesh, Duggappa, Nethra (2016, p. 631), primary data is the most appropriate data to use in carrying out analysis since it is free from bias. Unlike secondary data, primary data is free from unnecessary correction. The cases of doctored data is also minimized. This study particular study assumes that all the business managers will cooperate and respond to the emails as fast as possible with correct information. Strengths and limitations of the study This study will use primary data so the possibility of arriving at a conclusion based on doctored data will be non-existent. One the other hand, some of the limitations of this particular study arises from the fact that some of the respondents may at times not respond. Others may not give a true reflection of their experience with social networking which may affect the overall analysis. However, the questionnaire will be designed in such a manner as to avoid these limitations. References Sudheesh, K., Duggappa, D. R., Nethra, S. S., 2016. How to write a research proposal?. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 60(9), 631. Choi, Y. 2016. Social networking perceptions and experiences in todays business. Race Ethnicity and Education, 1-13. Orcher, L. T., 2017. Conducting a survey: Techniques for a term project. Routledge. Cummings, J. and Dennis, A., 2016. Enterprise Social Networking Sites and Knowledge Sharing Intentions in Virtual Teams. Ceglarek, P.J. and Ward, L.M., 2016. A tool for help or harm? How associations between social networking use, social support, and mental health differ for sexual minority and heterosexual youth. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, pp.201-209.